naval action map markers notes measure location

It was invented by Alec Jeffreys, an English scientist in 1984 during his research in genetic diseases.It was one of the first methods used for the analysis of DNA in various fields such as forensic science.Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP): It has demerits as poor reproducibility, yields faint products, problems occur in band scoring.Ģ.RAPD is strictly laboratory dependent so it requires sensitivity.RAPD markers are dominant in nature so it has restrictions for mapping purpose.RAPD is applicable for the mapping of genome, analyzing linkage, and individual specific genotyping.This is why RAPD can be used for studying polymorphism. Distinct pattern of amplification is seen in different samples.If any mutation occurs in the primer binding region then no any PCR product will be produced, yielding a distinct pattern of amplified DNA segments on the gel.The fragments obtained from RAPD are between 0.2 to 5.0kb and can be viewed by using agarose gel electrophoresis stained by ethidium bromide or with the help of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.The amplification of segment of DNA depends on the positions complimentary to the primers’ sequence.This reaction proceeds when a single primer anneals to the genomic DNA at two distinct sites on the complementary strand of DNA template.

This primer serves as both forward and reverse primer.This procedure uses short arbitrary primer of 8-12 bp that randomly amplifies the region of DNA.

It is based on PCR assay and it doesn’t need require any prior sequencing of DNA.RAPD was developed by Welsh and McClelland along with Williams in 1990.They should not interact with other markers while using multiple markers at a same time.The genetic marker (gene) should show codominant inheritance pattern.Genetic markers should occur frequently within genome.Assay for detecting markers should be simple and rapid.Genetic markers should be largely polymorphic in nature.Hybridization based genetic markers: RFLP, VNTRs, in which targeted gene is digested with restriction enzymes and then hybridized with RFLP probe.PCR based genetic markers: RAPD, ISSR, EST-SSR, microsatellite, CAPS etc.Genetic markers can be classified as PCR based and hybridization based.On the basis of polymorphisms detected in the genetic makeup of individuals that may vary in the length of a DNA sequence or in the identity of nucleotides located at specific position in chromosome, some of the common genetic markers are- RFLP, SSLP, etc Different types of genetic polymorphism can be used as Genetic markers.It is used to determine different characters in a DNA sequence which is used to distinguish between individuals, populations or species.It ascertains genes involved in genetic disorders. It also detect any alteration in a sequence of DNA or any genetic oddity.It plays a crucial role in gene mapping by identifying the position of linked genes in the chromosome which inherited together.

In the pool of unknown DNA or in a whole chromosome, these molecular markers helps in identification of particular sequence of DNA at particular location.

Molecular marker is a DNA or gene sequence within a recognized location on a chromosome which is used as identification tool.

Molecular marker is identified as genetic marker.

Naval action map markers notes measure location